2007年春节期间北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器分昼夜采集了2007年春节前后大气气溶胶中PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品，并采用气相色谱-质谱技术对PM_2.5样品中的多环芳烃进行了检测.春节期间大气颗粒物中PM₁₀和PM_2.5夜间平均质量浓度为232 μg·m^-3和132 μg·m^-3,分别高于白天的PM₁₀(194 μg·m^-3)和PM_2.5(107 μg·m^-3)；除夕后颗粒物日平均质量浓度为252.3 μg·m^-3 (PM₁₀)和123.8 μg·m^-3 (PM_2.5)，分别高于除夕前的166.7 μg·m^-3(PM₁₀)和106.8 μg·m^-3(PM_2.5)；同时夜间PM_2.5中多17种多环芳烃(PAHs)的总浓度都高于相应白天的总浓度，且除夕前多环芳烃日均总浓度为95.9 ng·m^-3，高于除夕后的58.9 ng·m^-3.结果表明，除了受一定的气象条件的影响外，大量燃放烟花爆竹会对大气颗粒物浓度有影响，但对大气中的多环芳烃影响不大，而春节期间工业及交通污染排放的减少削减了排放到大气中的PAHs.根据荧蒽/芘等比值指标判别北京PAHs主要以燃煤为主、交通为次的混合局地源污染.     

南水北调中线不同调水方案下的汉江水华发生概率分析

为评估南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游水华的影响，从汉江水华的成因机理分析入手，提出了汉江水华发生概率的计算模型．该模型由河流一维水动力学模型、水体富营养化模型以及随机数生成模型组成，它不仅可以模拟汉江水华的发生机理，而且可以对诱发水华的各种因子进行随机抽样组合，从而求出中线调水不同方案实施后汉江水华的发生概率．计算结果表明，在现状情况下汉江水华的发生概率为9．2％，南水北调中线各调水方案（无引江济汉工程）实施后，汉江水华发生的概率将有一定程度的增加，而如果调水方案与引江济汉工程同时兴建将大大减少汉江水华发生的概率．最后提出建议，汉江自身的水污染治理是减少水华发生概率的最根本措施，而丹江口水库和引江济汉工程的联合调度将会减小汉江水华发生的概率．     

富营养化水体治理与修复的环境生态工程——利用明矾浆和鱼类控制桥墩水库蓝藻水华

1997年和 1998年夏季桥墩水库相继发生大面积蓝藻水华 .1998年 9月 1m2 水面喷洒 38 8g改性明矾浆应急除藻 ,当年蓝藻水华基本消失 .1998年底和 1999年初 ,1hm2 水面放养尾重 2 0g左右鲢、鳙鱼种 12 0 0尾 .1999年仅局部发生蓝藻水华 ,8月份水库浮游蓝藻数量比 1998年同期下降 77 7% ,透明度提高 1 5m ;2 0 0 0和 2 0 0 1年水库不再出现蓝藻水华 ,水体表观质量明显提高 ,与 1998年 8月同期比较 ,透明度提高 2 4m ,总氮下降 6 1 1% ,总磷下降 5 9.4 % ,浮游蓝藻总量由 1998年的 10 4 35 5× 10 4个细胞 L下降至 14 3 3× 10 4个细胞 L ,蓝藻个体数量比例从 1998年的 99 2 %下降至 31 5 % .水体富营养状况从治理前的中—富营养类型恢复到中—贫营养类型 .     

The rise of glyphosate and new opportunities for biosentinel early‐warning studies

Glyphosate has become the most commonly used herbicide worldwide and is reputedly environmentally benign, nontoxic, and safe for use near wildlife and humans. However, studies indicate its toxicity is underestimated and its persistence in the environment is greater than once thought. Its actions as a neurotoxin and endocrine disruptor indicate its potential to act in similar ways to persistent organic pollutants such as the organochlorines dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dioxin. Exposure to glyphosate and glyphosate‐based herbicides for both wildlife and people is likely to be chronic and at sublethal levels, with multiple and ongoing exposure events occurring in urban and agricultural landscapes. Despite this, there has been little research on the impact of glyphosate on wildlife populations, and existing studies appear in the agricultural, toxicology, and water‐chemistry literature that may have limited visibility among wildlife biologists. These studies clearly demonstrate a link between chronic exposure and neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, cell damage, and immune suppression. There is a strong case for the recognition of glyphosate as an emerging organic contaminant and substantial potential exists for collaborative research among ecologists, toxicologists, and chemists to quantify the impact of glyphosate on wildlife and to evaluate the role of biosentinel species in a preemptive move to mitigate downstream impacts on people. There is scope to develop a decision framework to aid the choice of species to biomonitor and analysis methods based on the target contaminant, spatial and temporal extent of contamination, and perceived risk. Birds in particular offer considerable potential in this role because they span agricultural and urban environments, coastal, inland, and wetland ecosystems where glyphosate residues are known to be present.     

典型湖泊水华特征及相关影响因素分析

通过2011-2015年对太湖、巢湖和滇池水华高发季节的连续监测，以藻类密度和水华面积为判据评价了3个湖体的水华情况及变化趋势，探讨了水华发生的主要影响因素。结果表明：太湖水华程度以"轻度水华"为主，巢湖水华程度以"轻微水华"为主，滇池水华程度以"中度水华"为主；太湖、巢湖和滇池水华规模均以"零星性水华"为主；太湖和巢湖藻类密度与水温、pH、溶解氧、总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关，与透明度呈显著负相关，与氨氮无显著相关性；滇池藻类密度与水温、总磷和高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关，与透明度和氨氮呈显著负相关，与pH、溶解氧和总氮无显著相关性。     

夏季太湖蓝藻水华暴发与臭氧污染的关联性

夏季受东南季风、湖流等因素影响,太湖蓝藻向西北部水域集聚,该区域平均藻密度可高达1×109个/L以上,其中蓝藻集中堆积的近湖岸区域藻类密度更高,蓝藻在不同生命阶段释放的藻源性VOCs的成分谱和产生量有较大差异,其中烯烃和有机胺反应活性较强。蓝藻水华高发期太湖西岸非甲烷总烃的浓度约为常州市区的3.3倍,日变化趋势符合蓝藻代谢规律。太湖西部蓝藻水华、湖西区的非甲烷总烃浓度和臭氧污染程度时空变化规律表明:太湖西部(宜兴)是整个流域臭氧污染最严重的区域,其臭氧污染的形成与太湖蓝藻水华暴发有关联性。     

太湖春季和秋季蓝藻光合作用活性研究

采用Phyto-PAM浮游植物分析仪测定太湖蓝藻光合作用活性的时空间分布.结果表明,太湖蓝藻光合活性具有显著的时空差异:春季蓝藻的最大光量子产量F_v/F_m (可变荧光和最大荧光之比)和实际光量子产量F_v'/F_m'分别在0.35~0.49和0.16~0.29之间,秋季蓝藻分别在 0.33~0.53和0.21~0.43之间,太湖秋季蓝藻的最大光合作用能力和实际光合作用能力大于春季蓝藻.春季和秋季蓝藻的非光化学淬灭NPQ(non-photochemical quenching)分别在0.012~0.17和0.035~0.26之间,秋季蓝藻的NPQ高于春季蓝藻,说明秋季蓝藻的自我保护能力高于春季蓝藻.快速光响应曲线(Rapid light curve, RLC)的特征参数表明春季蓝藻的光能利用效率、最大电子传递速率和光饱和强度点高于秋季蓝藻;从空间分布来看,蓝藻的最大光合作用能力、实际光合作用能力和光合作用效率在营养水平低和有水草分布的湖区相对较低,富营养化水平高的湖区则相对较高.因此,降低太湖营养盐浓度,恢复水生植物,能够抑制蓝藻的光合作用活性和生长,从而降低蓝藻水华强度.     

三峡库区大宁河枯水期藻细胞的时空分布

本研究旨在为三峡库区大宁河藻华预警提供基础数据,于2011年4～9月期间在大宁河流域选择4个取样点开展藻细胞时空变化研究.藻细胞在时间序列表现为:4～9月,藻种主要以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主,藻密度呈逐步递增趋势;在此期间4个取样点的蓝藻比重均逐步增大,硅藻比重逐步降低,绿藻比重变化不显著.藻细胞在空间分布上表现为:藻密度与水温和叶绿素呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.97和0.95,与光照、溶解氧、pH值和可溶性磷盐呈显著相关,相关系数分别为0.87、0.83、0.82、0.82;菜子坝在整个试验期间0 m处藻密度比其他水层的藻密度高,白水河在6月和7月的2.0 m处藻密度最高,双龙在7、8和9月的0 m和2.0 m处藻密度较高,大昌在整个试验期间,藻密度变化不大;不同藻细胞在垂向水层中的比重也随时间的变化而改变,可能是不同藻细胞适合不同生态环境所致.     

Sulfur-containing amino acid methionine as the precursor of volatile organic sulfur compounds in algea-induced black bloom

After the application of methionine, a progressive and significant increase occurred in five volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs): methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and dimethyl tetrasulfide (DMTeS). Even in the untreated control without a methionine addition, methionine and its catabolites (VOSCs, mainly DMDS) were found in considerable amounts that were high enough to account for the water’s offensive odor. However, blackening only occurred in two methionine-amended treatments. The VOSCs production was observed to precede black color development, and the reaching of a peak value for total VOSCs was often followed by water blackening. The presence of glucose stimulated the degradation of methionine while postponing the occurrence of the black color and inhibiting the production of VOSCs. In addition, DMDS was found to be the most abundant species produced after the addition of methionine alone, and DMTeS appeared to be the most important compound produced after the addition of methionine+glucose. These results suggest that methionine acted as an important precursor of the VOSCs in lakes suffering from algea-induced black bloom. The existence of glucose may change the transformation pathway of methionine into VOSCs to form larger molecular weight compounds, such as DMTS and DMTeS.     

Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of surface sediments in the formation of shallow lake algae-induced black bloom

Surface sediments are closely related to lake black blooms. The dissolved oxygen （DO） distribution and its penetration depth in surface sediments as well as the migration and transformation of redox sensitive elements such as Fe and S at the sediment-water interface are important factors that could influence the formation of the black bloom. In this study, dredged and undredged sediment cores with different surface properties were used to simulate black blooms in the laboratory. The Micro Profiling System was employed to explore features of the DO and ∑H2S distribution at the sediment-water interface. Physical and chemical characteristics in sediments and pore waters were also analyzed. The results showed that sediment dredging effectively suppressed the black blooms. In the undredged treatment, DO penetration depth was only 50 μm. Fe^2＋ concentrations, ∑H2S concentrations, and ∑H2S production rates were remarkably higher in surface sediments and pore waters compared to control and dredged treatments. Furthermore, depletion of DO and accumulation of Fe^2＋ and ∑H2S in surface sediments and pore waters provided favorable redox environments and necessary material sources for the blooms. The study results proved that physical and chemical characteristics in surface sediments are important factors in the formation of the black bloom, and could provide scientific guidance for emergency treatment and long-term pre-control of black blooms.